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007			cr|mn|---annan
008			20210315s2021 xx |||||o ||| eng|| d
020			_a9781760464097
040			_coapen
041	0		_aeng
080			_a94
100	1		_aStevenson, Caroline _4auth
245	1	0	_aBritain's Second Embassy to China _bLord Amherst's 'Special Mission' to the Jiaqing Emperor in 1816
260			_aCanberra _bANU Press _c2021
300			_a1 electronic resource (404 p.)
506	0		_aOpen Access _2star _fUnrestricted online access
520			_aLord Amherst's diplomatic mission to the Qing Court in 1816 was the second British embassy to China. The first led by Lord Macartney in 1793 had failed to achieve its goals. It was thought that Amherst had better prospects of success, but the intense diplomatic encounter that greeted his arrival ended badly. Amherst never appeared before the Jiaqing emperor and his embassy was expelled from Peking on the day it arrived. Historians have blamed Amherst for this outcome, citing his over-reliance on the advice of his Second Commissioner, Sir George Thomas Staunton, not to kowtow before the emperor. Detailed analysis of British sources reveal that Amherst was well informed on the kowtow issue and made his own decision for which he took full responsibility. Success was always unlikely because of irreconcilable differences in approach. China’s conduct of foreign relations based on the tributary system required submission to the emperor, thus relegating all foreign emissaries and the rulers they represented to vassal status, whereas British diplomatic practice was centred on negotiation and Westphalian principles of equality between nations. The Amherst embassy’s failure revised British assessments of China and led some observers to believe that force, rather than diplomacy, might be required in future to achieve British goals. The Opium War of 1840 that followed set a precedent for foreign interference in China, resulting in a century of 'humiliation’. This resonates today in President Xi Jinping’s call for ‘National Rejuvenation’ to restore China’s historic place at the centre of a new Sino-centric global order.
540			_aCreative Commons _fhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ _2cc
546			_aEnglish
650		0	_aИстория отдельных стран и народов _92152
856	4	0	_awww.oapen.org _uhttps://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/ee6ae56d-816c-4717-aa2f-da77a4047d5a/book.pdf _70 _zdownload
856	4	0	_awww.oapen.org _uhttps://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/47329 _70 _zdescription
909			_c4 _dDarya Shvetsova
942			_2udc _cEE
999			_c4975 _d4975